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Treaty Of Paris: Named foreign minister in April 1856, he favored an alliance with France against Austria and Britain that would enable Russia to undo the provision of the Treaty of Paris (March 30, 1856) barring Russian naval vessels from the Black Sea. But his plan for cooperation with France foundered on France's pro-Polish attitude at the time of the Polish rebellion of 1863, and Russia returned to her traditional alignment with Prussia. On Oct. 31, 1871, during the Franco-Prussian War, Gorchakov repudiated the Black Sea clause of the Paris treaty, realizing his long-cherished goal. He was then instrumental in promoting a revival of the Holy Alliance in the form of the League of Three Emperors (1872-1873).
In the 21st year of his reign Rameses concluded a treaty with Hattushilish (Khattusilis or Kha-tusil), successor to Muwattalish. By this treaty the kings agreed to respect each other's territories and to support each other against hostile acts, and they committed themselves and their progeny to eternal friendship. In the 34th year Rameses strengthened the treaty by marrying a daughter of Hattushilish.
The success of the 1863 conference raised hopes for a treaty that would embody Red Cross principles in international law. Such a treaty had been out of the question in 1863 because the government representatives present were not empowered to bind their governments. A second conference a year later, however, did conclude a treaty—the first Geneva Convention, which was signed at the time by 12 governments and has since been accepted by virtually every nation in the world. |
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